And currently, neuromusicology has advanced its research in the effects of music on the human brain; exploring how the nervous system reacts to music. Overall, it enhances the functioning of your brain. This music tends to increase your output and affects your brain in a way that you can make you more productive. Trance is a type of music that was created in Germany two decades ago. It was a subgenre of electronic dance music. For example, although listeners indicated greater enjoyment overall of anthems beginning with ABCD rather than AABB that is, greater preference for more complex patterns , when stimuli began with the more repetitive semiotic structure of AABB, listeners preferred exact repetition more than chord variety.
This may indicate that the initial harmonic structure sets up expectations and preferences for the later part of the semiotic structure. In other words, repetitive chords establish the expectation and indeed, preference for even more repetition of the semiotic pattern, whereas a more complex initial set of chords creates weaker expectations, allowing for a greater variety of harmonic instantiations to generate enjoyment. This result may be of interest to both trance music DJs and researchers in the area of computational creativity and music generation.
We also found that listeners prefer harmonic repetition within stylistically standard semiotic structures compared with structures that violate the implied form. In general, however, more evidence was found for the hypothesis 2, that a moderate level of complexity is desired. Computational modeling of two measures of sequence complexity, Average Information Content and Cloud Momentum average tonal tension of the sequence , provided support for an inverted-U relationship between complexity of harmonic structure and enjoyment.
The full right-hand tail of the Wundt curve was not discovered because, as noted in the Section 2. Nevertheless, the results indicate that increasing complexity generally yields higher Average Enjoyment Ratings, but that the most complex sequences e.
The important message here, in the authors estimation, is that enjoyment of uplifting trance music, as measured via this experimental procedure, generally follows the Wundt curve, with the caveat that exact repetitions of semiotic structures such as AABB-AABB are also highly enjoyed. Familiarity and stylistic expectations of form also contribute to liking.
To investigate this connection, future work will aim to contextualize this line of research within an appropriate setting; while the present study employs a controlled experimental design, which is necessary for systematically testing elements of trance harmonic structure, it does not reflect ecological listening conditions.
Performing longer excerpts with multiple loops of semiotic patterns in a music venue, for example, would allow for greater ecological validity, and enable the exploration of resulting group listening behaviors.
Presenting longer excerpts would also offer a closer approximation to the full trance listening experience which is full of repetitive loops , and would therefore provide listeners with a more robust, phenomenological experience of Uplifting Trance music. Participants read an overview of the study, and received written and verbal instructions, prior to signing a consent form that indicated their informed consent to participate in the listening task.
No vulnerable populations were included in this study. KA led the research project, although all authors were included in nearly every step of the research process. Specifically, KA led the theoretical motivation, experimental design, data collection, statistical analyses, interpretation of results, and writing.
DH assisted with the experimental design, software for data collection, statistics, computational modeling, and writing. LB put together the corpus used for this study, rendered all stimuli, and wrote the material corresponding to these components in the Method section.
DC was involved in the theoretical motivation, experimental design decisions, statistical analyses, statistical modeling, chord sequence generation, and he wrote the material describing the statistical model used for chord sequence generation. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. This research is an expansion of the extended abstract of Agres et al.
This project also received funding from the European Unions Horizon research and innovation programme under grant agreement number The authors thank Geraint Wiggins and Kerstin Neubarth for their valuable comments on the manuscript.
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Uplifting Trance is usually paced at around BPM, and is known for rolling basslines, euphoric and emotional breakdowns and energetic climaxes.
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